Liquid Collagen
Liquid Collagen
A graduate student went to Slaughterhouse and Meat Packing and obtained some Type I collagen for her experimen?
a) The cube was 50 millimeters on each side at 25 C. She immersed the isotropic collagen cube in liquid nitrogen at -196 C. If the coefficient of volume expansion is 0.00005/C, what is the volume of the cube in the liquid nitrogen?
b) The student needed to
1. quantify the degree of molecular orientation of the fiber she produced. She also needed to
2. measure the fiber cross-sectional shape and
3. cross-sectional dimensions and
4. if the fiber surface was smooth or rough on the micro and nano scale. How might she accomplish these tasks?
c) She wanted to examine the dimensional change in the oriented fiber above 25 C, but was not sure how to do it. What technique would you suggest to her, and what results would you expect for the fiber as the temperature was increased?
To keep track of the number and location of valence electrons in an atom or molecule, G. N. Lewis developed Lewis structures. A Lewis structure only counts valence electrons because these are the only ones involved in bonding. To calculate the number of valence electrons, write out the electron configuration of the atom and count up the number of electrons in the highest principle quantum number. The number of valence electrons for neutral atoms equals the group number from the periodic table. Each valence electron is represented by a dot next to the symbol for the atom. Because atoms strive to achieve a full octet of electrons, we place two electrons on each of the four sides of the atomic symbol. Some examples of Lewis structures for atoms are shown in .
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